台州逸远关于室内空气论文被国际相关领域权威期刊发表啦！！！！！
我中心在2014年10月至2016年11月期间在台州、温州、宁波地区共采样研究了786个室内空气样品，在严密权威实验室分析基础上，计算出了大量精准数据并得出了室内空气污染在时间、气温、压强、湿度以及装修材料上的一系列准确的相关性。
由于是发表在国际外文权威期刊，所以是全英文的。不过没关系，小编将本文简单摘要结论翻译出来，至于具体的证据流程，朋友们有兴趣的可以下载下面原文看看，欢迎探讨。
摘要：2014年10月至2016年11月连续两年时间内，台州逸远在温州、宁波、台州三市内共精准采样786个室内空气样本，样品分析包括甲醛、苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯（包括间二甲苯、邻二甲苯，对二甲苯）。与此同时,样品采样房间的温度、相对湿度和空气压力也被精准记录下来。结果表明,甲醛浓度范围从0.00476到0.789 mg / m3,平均浓度为0.136±0.116 mg / m3。47.9%的房间中甲醛浓度超过中国国家室内空气质量标准(GB / T 18883 - 2002)。从中我们发现了甲醛和温度之间存在显著的正相关性(R = 0.358,P < 0.01)、湿度(R = 0.128,P < 0.05),以及重大的负面甲醛和空气压力之间的相关性被发现(R = -0.291,P < 0.01)。甲醛浓度最高的是在6月和7月,这是因为这两个月温度和湿度相对较高。客厅和卧室中的甲醛浓度显著高于教室和大厅。除此之外,没有发现正相关性之间的甲醛和苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯,这表明它们来自不同的来源。
正文：
Distribution characteristics of formaldehyde in newly decorated room in Ningbo, Taizhou and Wenzhou city,
Jun Yao a,b, Wenhua Wang c, Qingna Kong a,*
a College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Linhai 317000,
b Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029,
c Indoor air monitoring and service centre, Yiyuan company, Taizhou, 318000,
Abstract
Indoor air samples were taken from 768 newly decorated rooms in Ningbo, Taizhou and Wenzhou city,
Key words: Indoor; Decorated; Formaldehyde; Distribution; Correlation
1. Introduction
The indoor air quality (IAQ) has attracted more and more public concern since people spend most of their time within the enclosed living space [1-4]. The poor IAQ is linked to sick building syndrome (SBS) [5]. On the other hands, due to the improved living standard, people pay much more attention to the indoor decoration, especially in the developing countries. This could lead to the increase exposure of humans to the air pollutants. The indoor air pollutants include formaldehyde (HCHO), benzene, methylbenzene, ethylbenzene, dimethylbenzene, etc. Among the various pollutants, formaldehyde is of particular interest, due to its abundance and adverse health effects [6]. The low level formaldehyde could provoke eye and throat irritation, chest tightness and breath shortness. High-dose exposure to formaldehyde could lead to the acute poisoning, chronic toxicity and even cancer [7-9]. It is classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [10].
The indoor formaldehyde is connected with several indoor sources associated with the indoor decoration. For example, it can be emitted by the wood-based products used during the decoration, which is assembled with the urea- formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resins. Formaldehyde is also presented in the paints, varnishes and carpet [11, 12]. Chi et al. [13] reiterated that decoration pollution is the primary indoor pollution within the first 12 months after decoration. To void the healthy risk of the formaldehyde, the Chinese indoor air quality standard was issued in 2002, in which 0.1 mg/m3 of formaldehyde was considered preventive of negative effects on humans [14]. However, there are still a large magnitude epidemiology studies showing the adverse health effects associated with indoor air pollution, in term of morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that about 110,000 person died from the indoor air pollution in
In this study, 768 indoor air samples were taken from newly decorated rooms in Ningbo, Taizhou and Wenzhou city over two years. The concentrations of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in the samples were determined. Besides, the correlation between the formaldehyde and sampling time, type of room, temperature, humidity, air pressure, as well as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene was discussed to reveal the distribution characteristics of formaldehyde in the newly decorated room.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Sampling period and sites
768 indoor air samples were taken from the newly decorated rooms in Ningbo, Taizhou, Wenzhou city, which were three adjoining coastal cities located in Zhejiang province, Eastern China (Fig. 1). The three cities feature a subtropical monsoon climate, with a permanent population of 19,952,297 distributed over a 31292 km2 land. Samples were collected between November 2014 and October 2016. The type of the sampled rooms included the drawing room, bedroom, Hall, conference room and classroom.
Fig.1. Map of sampling location.
2.2. Sampling methods
The sampling was carried out according to the standard of indoor environmental pollution control of civil engineering (GB 50325-2010). Windows and doors were closed during sampling. Samples were taken at a height of 1.5 m above the floor.
Formaldehyde was sampled at 0.5 L/min for 20 min. After the sampling, both ends of the sampling tube were sealed, and samples were brought back to lab for immediate analysis. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were sampled at 0.2 L/min for 60 min using charcoal sorbent tubes. Samples were stored at -20 oC and analyzed within 48 h. Besides, the temperature, relative humidity and air pressure were recorded during the sampling.
2.3. Analytical methods
Formaldehyde was analyzed by the MBTH method through a UV-Visrecording spectrophotometer (GB/T 18204.26-2000). Benzene, methylbenzene, ethylbenzene and dimethylbenzene were extracted from charcoal tubes using 2 mL carbon disulfide. The solvent was transferred into GC vials and analyzed by a gas chromatograph.
2.4. Statistical methods
Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 19.0. Independent samples t-test was conducted to elucidate the equality of means for the formaldehyde concentration in different months and room types. Correlation analysis was conducted between the formaldehyde and temperature, humidity, air pressure, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene.
3. Result and discussion
3.1. Concentration of formaldehyde
The average formaldehyde concentration of the sampled rooms was 0.137±0.116 mg/m3 (Fig. 2). The maximum concentration was 0.794 mg/m3, which was approximately 7 times higher than the permitted concentration defined in the Chinese standard for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2002, formaldehyde ≤0.10 mg/m3). The formaldehyde concentration obtained in this study was higher than the result of Guo et al. [18], which showed the average formaldehyde concentration of newly decorated rooms was 0.107±0.095 mg/m3 in Hangzhou, another typical city of Zhejiang province,
Fig. 2. Formaldehyde concentration of 768 sampled rooms.
3.2. Correlation between formaldehyde and the meteorological condition
As shown in Fig. 3(a), the formaldehyde concentration was significantly positively correlated with the room temperature (R=0.358, P<0.01). This result was consistent with the previous studies [13, 20, 21], which showed that temperature played a key role influencing the indoor formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is a volatile organic compound. A high temperature can facilitate the release of formaldehyde from the building materials. Zhang et al. [21] investigated the effect of temperature on the emission parameter of indoor formaldehyde, which showed that the increase of the temperature could decrease the partition coefficient and increase the diffusion coefficient.
Fig. 3. Correlation between formaldehyde and temperature (a), relatively humidity (b) and air pressure (c).
The positive correlation was also found between the formaldehyde and relatively humidity (Fig. 3(b), R=0.128, P<0.05). As it is known, formaldehyde has a high solubility in water. The high moisture content in the air could induce the rapid absorption of formaldehyde, which destroyed the equilibrium between the building materials and adjacent air. It in turn promoted the emission of formaldehyde from the building materials. In other words, the increase of the humidity also decreased the partition coefficient and increased the diffusion coefficient of formaldehyde in building materials.
Different with the temperature and humidity, the formaldehyde was negatively correlated with the air pressure (Fig. 3(c), R=-0.291, P<0.01). High air pressure is believed to be advantageous for the convection of the indoor air. The increase of indoor air convection help the indoor formaldehyde diffuse into a larger space. Therefore, the indoor formaldehyde concentration was decreased.
It should be noted that the absolute value of correlation coefficient between the formaldehyde and temperature, air pressure was far greater than that of humidity. This result suggested that the temperature and air pressure played a more important role influencing the indoor formaldehyde distribution, when compared with the relative humidity.
3.3. Monthly variation of formaldehyde distribution
As shown in Fig. 4, the monthly formaldehyde concentration showed a unimodal distribution. The average formaldehyde concentration in June and July was significantly higher than other months (P<0.05), whose average were 0.232±0.209 and 0.220±0.138 mg/m3, respectively. 75.0% of the samples corrected in June and 84.8% of the samples corrected in June exceeded the permitted concentration. The lowest average formaldehyde concentration was observed in January, which was 0.068±0.038 mg/m3. 20.5% of the samples corrected in January exceeded the standard. This result was generally consistent with Guo et al. [18] and Weng et al. [2], which demonstrated that the formaldehyde concentration in summer was significantly higher than that in winter. For Ningbo, Taizhou and Wenzhou city, June and July recorded a relatively high temperature, relative humidity, and low air pressure compared with the other month. The meteorology characteristics are almost the opposite for January. The variation of the meteorology characteristic of each month resulted in the different distribution of formaldehyde. As illustrated in the section 3.2, the high temperature, relative humidity, and low air pressure were prone to seduce the releasing of formaldehyde from the building material. Therefore, high formaldehyde concentration was recorded in June and July, while the low formaldehyde concentration was recorded in January. In other words, the intensified release of formaldehyde is probably happened in the summer season for the newly decorated room. This result provides us an inspiration for the control of indoor formaldehyde pollution.
Fig. 4. Monthly variation of formaldehyde concentration.
3.4. Concentration of formaldehyde in different type of rooms
The average formaldehyde concentration followed the sequence of bedroom > drawing room > conference room > classroom > hall (Fig. 5). Formaldehyde concentrations of bedroom and drawing room were significantly higher than that of hall and classroom (P<0.05). 51.6% of the bedroom and 50.0% of the drawing room exceeded the permitted formaldehyde concentration defined in Chinese national standard for indoor air quality, while only 36.8% of classroom and 20.7% of the hall exceeded the standard. This result was not surprising as the decoration of bedroom and drawing room was far more excessive than that of hall and classroom, according to our site investigation. People used more wood-based materials and paints for ceiling, flooring and cabinet in the bedroom and drawing room. They also arranged more kartel, wooden sofa as well as the wallpaper to ‘improve’ the comfort of the residential living. Compared with the bedroom and drawing room, the hall and classroom have a larger space and use less formaldehyde concentrated materials. This result indicated that residential pollution was a more serious issue than the public place pollution. It is advised that the people of this region need to adjust their life-style to mitigate the residential pollution, such as avoiding the excessive home decoration and using formaldehyde-free material.
Fig. 5. Formaldehyde concentration in different types of room.
3.5. Correlation between the formaldehyde and BTEX
BTEX, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were another category of crucial indoor pollutants. The correlation analysis results show that no positive correlation was found between the formaldehyde and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (Table 1). This result indicated that the formaldehyde and BTEX might come from different sources. Some studies had showed that the BTEX mainly originated from outdoors as vehicle emission and industrial combustion [22, 23]. Some other researchers pointed out that the indoor combustion contributed to the indoor BTEX pollution. For example, Sadegh et al. [24] reported that the heating system, gas stove and samovar and tobacco smoking were the main source of BTEX. Huang et al. [25] indicated that the cooking activities contributed to the indoor BTEX. These results suggested that the BTEX was mainly came from the combustion, which was varied from that of formaldehyde. Compared with the formaldehyde, only 11.7% sampled rooms exceeded the permitted concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene defined in Chinese standard for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2002, benzene ≤0.11 mg/m3, toluene ≤0.20 mg/m3, xylene ≤0.20 mg/m3). It further indicated that the main source of formaldehyde and BTEX were different from each other.
Table 1
Correlation between the formaldehyde and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene.
Formaldehyde | Benzene | Toluene | Ethylbenzene | xylene | |
Formaldehyde | 1 | -0.288* | -0.020 | -0.030 | 0.083 |
Benzene | -0.288** | 1 | 0.081 | 0.258** | 0.159** |
Toluene | -0.020 | 0.081 | 1 | 0.156** | 0.127* |
Ethylbenzene | -0.030 | 0.258** | 0.156** | 1 | 0.783** |
M-xylene | 0.083 | 0.159** | 0.127* | 0.783** | 1 |
3.6. Implication
The result of this study could provide reference to prevent the human exposure to the indoor formaldehyde pollution. As approximately half of the newly decorated room exceeded the warning threshold of the formaldehyde, the immediately use of the newly decorated room was ill-advised. The pollution was especially serious in residence, which required the people to decrease the strength of the residential decoration and use more formaldehyde-free materials. The result also showed that the high temperature and relative humidity could facilitate the release of formaldehyde. The intensified release of formaldehyde was usually occurred in the summer season. To prevent the healthy risk, the newly decorated rooms should not be used before the intensified release of formaldehyde has finished. It is advised that the newly decorated rooms should be used after a summer season.
4. Conclusion
The newly decorated room was seriously polluted by the formaldehyde in Ningbo, Taizhou and Wenzhou city. 47.9% the newly decorated room exceeded the Chinese standard for indoor air quality with the respect of formaldehyde pollution. The bedroom and drawing room posed a higher formaldehyde concentration than the classroom and hall, indicating that residential pollution was a more serious issue than the public place pollution. The formaldehyde concentration of samples corrected in June and July were significantly higher than other month, which could be due to the high temperature and humidity, low air pressure in these two months. No positive correlation was found between the formaldehyde and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, suggesting that they were from different sources. Although serious pollution was found in the newly decorated rooms, it seemed that no enough attention have been paid to mitigate the pollution. It is recommended that the newly decorated room should not be used before it goes through a summer season.
Acknowledgement
This work was financially supported by Public Technology Applied Research Fund of Zhejiang Province Science and Technology Department with Grant number 2015C33234 and Natural Science Foundation of China with Grant No. 51578356.
Reference
* Corresponding author.
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